Class 9 Social Science Chapter 4 new Ncert Notes Question Answer. There are Short Answers And Long Answers. Chapter 4 Early Humans and Begining of civilizations
Short Answer Questions
1. Why should we study early human history?
Answer:
The study of early human history helps us understand the origin and evolution of humans. It explains how early humans adapted to different climates and environments, developed tools for survival, and discovered agriculture. It also helps us learn about the growth of permanent settlements and the rise of the world's earliest civilizations.
2. Write the uses of early stone tools.
Answer:
Early stone tools were essential for the daily life of humans. They were used for:
Cutting meat and plants.
Digging roots and tubers.
Scraping animal skins to make clothing.
Breaking bones to obtain marrow.
Hunting and defending against wild animals.
3. What changes occurred during the Mesolithic Age?
Answer
The Mesolithic Age was a period of important changes after the Ice Age.
The climate became warmer.
Forests and grasslands expanded.
The human population increased.
Small stone tools called microliths were developed.
Fishing became an important occupation.
Cave paintings and other forms of art flourished.
4. Write the main features of the Early Harappan Culture.
Answer:
The Early Harappan Culture marked the beginning of urban development.
Copper tools increased agricultural productivity.
Pottery production expanded.
Craft production became more specialized.
Seals and the earliest form of script appeared.
Many settlements were protected by walls.
5. Name the important crafts of the Harappans.
Answer:
The Harappans were skilled craftsmen and produced many high-quality goods.
Pottery making.
Copper and bronze work.
Shell craft.
Bead making from semi-precious stones.
Terracotta toys, figurines, and ornaments.
6. Why did civilizations develop near rivers?
Answer:
Most ancient civilizations developed near rivers because rivers provided all the essential resources for life.
Fertile soil for farming.
Water for irrigation.
Drinking water for people and animals.
Easy transport and trade.
Fishing as a source of food.
Suitable conditions for agriculture and permanent settlements.
7. Write the main features of the Mesopotamian Civilization.
Answer:
Mesopotamia was one of the earliest civilizations in the world.
It developed between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.
It was the first city-based civilization.
People built canals and dams for irrigation.
They developed cuneiform writing.
They built large temple structures called ziggurats.
8. What is a Ziggurat?
Answer:
A ziggurat was a large, stepped pyramid-shaped temple built in ancient Mesopotamia. It was used as a place of worship and also served as a treasury where valuable goods were stored.
9. What is Cuneiform script?
Answer:
Cuneiform was the writing system developed by the Sumerians. It consisted of wedge-shaped symbols pressed onto wet clay tablets using a reed stylus. It is one of the earliest known writing systems.
10. Mention the achievements of the Sumerians.
Answer:
The Sumerians made many important contributions to human civilization.
Invented writing (cuneiform).
Invented the wheel.
Invented the sailboat.
Developed the base-60 number system.
Built advanced irrigation canals for agriculture.
11. Who was Hammurabi? What is his contribution?
Answer:
Hammurabi was the famous king of Babylon. His greatest contribution was the Code of Hammurabi, one of the earliest written law codes in history. It established rules and punishments to maintain justice and order in society.
12. Write the importance of the Nile River.
Answer:
The Nile River was the lifeline of ancient Egypt.
It watered agricultural fields.
Annual floods deposited fertile black soil called Kemet.
It supported agriculture and food production.
It provided water for daily life.
It encouraged the growth of settlements and the Egyptian civilization.
13. What is Papyrus?
Answer:
Papyrus was an ancient writing material made from the stems of the papyrus plant that grew along the Nile River. Egyptians used it to write books, official records, and religious texts.
14. Write the three seasons of the Egyptian calendar.
Answer:
The ancient Egyptian calendar was divided into three seasons based on the Nile River.
Inundation – Flooding season.
Peret – Growing season.
Shemu – Harvest season.
15. What is mummification?
Answer:
Mummification was the process of preserving the dead body by removing internal organs and treating it with special substances. Ancient Egyptians believed this helped the soul live in the afterlife.
16. What was the purpose of pyramids?
Answer:
The pyramids were built as tombs for the Pharaohs (kings) of Egypt. Egyptians believed in life after death, so the pyramids protected the king's body and the valuable objects buried with him.
17. Write the main features of Chinese Civilization.
Answer:
Ancient Chinese civilization was one of the world's oldest civilizations.
Developed along the Huang He (Yellow River) and Yangtze River.
Advanced bronze metallurgy.
Ruled by powerful dynasties.
Developed a logographic writing system.
Famous for silk production and trade.
18. What are oracle bones?
Answer:
Oracle bones were animal bones and tortoise shells used by ancient Chinese priests to predict the future. Questions were carved on them, heated until they cracked, and the cracks were interpreted as answers.
19. What is the Silk Route?
Answer:
The Silk Route was an ancient network of trade routes connecting China with Central Asia, the Middle East, and Europe. It was mainly used to trade Chinese silk, along with spices, precious stones, and other goods.
20. Mention the contributions of ancient China.
Answer:
Ancient China made many significant contributions to world civilization.
Introduced paper currency.
Developed the civil service examination system.
Advanced bronze metallurgy.
Produced and traded high-quality silk.
Built the Great Wall of China for protection against invasions.
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